Subdivided service system of radio broadcast distribution



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Patented July 5, 1927.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

EDWARD E. CLEMENT, 0F WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ASSIGNOR TO EDWARD F. COLLADAY, OF WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

SUBDIVIDED SERVICE SYSTEM OF RADIO BROADCAST DISTRIBUTION.

Application led October 2S, 1924. Serial No. 746,357.

My invention relates to systems of radio broadcast distribution, and the present application is a continuation in part of my prior cessive aggregation, which is in part involved 1n all organizations Working from any relative center to numbers of individual Patent N o. 1,522,357. This invention has forslpnits, but in a way the reverse or' that which its object' to provide an organization for the broadcasting ot' intelligence in which orderly distribution may be secured, with maximum elliciency. An important ancillary object is to gradually bring the entire radio distribution of intelligence under control .without disturbance ot' commercial conditions which have been evolved during the rapid disorganized development ot the art. In my patent referred to .l have pointed out that the development and control ot' any general system Jfor the dissemination ot' intelligence must be in the hands of human organizations which have been prepared by training and experience for such administration, and that these requisites are to be found at present only in the organizations which operate the great Wire systems. and particularly the telephone systems. I have also pointed out that on broad economic grounds, any new organization of means of communication to be of public value must be along lines that will not only prevent disturbance of the enormous investment represented by our wire systems, but in view of the increasing ratio of growth thereof both physical and financial, will increase the service of which wire lines are capable and thereby increase their earnings. Such organization of radio administration is possible in the present state ot' the art, as will be hereinafter explained, and while it may be doubted Whether any present specific form would be permanent, it can be so shaped and founded as to be flexible and amenable to changes and improvements in physical agencies available, so that, for example, before any radical general change takes place in methods such as from Wire communication to pure radio, the presentinvestment as Well as additions thereto during the transit-ion period can all be amortized out of the increased earnings due to the improvements themselves. To attain this. the proposed organization must be based on an underlying principle or principles which will not change but may be regarded as in themselves permanent and independent ot the particular physical embodiments employed from time to time. Such a princple is to be found in the mathematical conception of distribution by sucwill be herein presented.

Among the commercial conditions which at present must not be disturbed is the widespread individual demand or radio apparatus and parts upon which great manufacturing interests depend, and which has supported in large measure the laboratory work and experiments which are the life of the art. To suddenly organize all broadcast-ing so that no sending or receiving would be pos-- sible except through the organized system. while it would attain the ultimate end o( correct radio administration, would at once kill the independent demand for apparatus and cripple the industry. Moreover, the installation of sufficient organized apparatus to carry the radio load, and of the human machinery to handle the gathering, editing and correlating of the masses of information and artistic performance required, cannot be accomplished suddenly, hence the present invention contemplates a gradual diminution of the free broadcasting to which the public has become accustomed Vand an accompanying regulation ot' thesame so as to greatly improve the quality ofservice rendered.

In any general system of radio communication, in addition to the purely commercial considerations above stated, certain natural conditions and economic results due thereto must be taken into account. Among these are, lirst, the progression of time, producing a recurring wave of activities around the world, which in any extended area, such as that of the United States, is very marked; second, diurnal differences in facility of transmission; third, seasonal changes in the same, as between Winter and summer; fourth, non-periodic disturbances due to electrical and other natural forces, including so called static and interference of various kinds, which not only directly aliect the apparatus employed, but have a psychological eiect on the users.

To attain my objects. and satisfy the conditions existing at present, the system proposed. must work in conjunction with the organized wire systems, in such manner that it can be economically and eiliciently handled by or in conjunction with their operating organization; it must be capable of distributing intelligence and programs in any given local area according to local time which includes a progressive distribution through successive areas from east to west; it must avoid the waste of duplicated effort by centralizing control and relating all parts of the system and all agencies therein to a central or master station which at all times can control and supervise the output in all areas; it must be composed physically as to its most numerous units or subscribers receiving stations of very simple standardized apparatus, requiring no skill in handling to obtain standard serviceg it must provide uniform expert professional service for all parts of the system to guide, control and assist in receiving as well as transmitting; it must centralize all supply sources of energy in every form; it must supplementand not interfere with the ordinary traic handling of the wire system; it must adjust its load curve to that of the wire system, so as to aid in producing the ideal flat load curve; it must take advantage of the wire network to render service uniform and stable at all hours and in all seasons, but without interfering with the ordinary wire service; it must provide for emergencies and for special occasions, such as Presidential proclamations or important news of general interest, or special performances, such as grand opera, so that general and simultaneous broadcasting can be accomplished available to all receiving stations, without interfering with either the wire service or local programs of the day; finally it must be available in case of national emergencies of anykind, for separate and secret operation and for complete supervision and control of all stations. There are many other requirements, local as well as general, which with the means to satisfy them are either disclosed in my various prior copending applications, or will appear hereinafter.

The system illustrated and described herein is based on the principle of successive aggregation, and is presented as one form of embodiment that satisfies the various conditions and meets the requirements above set forth. Very brieiiy stated, this system includes subdivision of the ultimate units or subscribers stations into local groups in local areas, each group related to a local or regional distributing station; the grouping of these regional stations accordingr to districts and relating each district group of regional stations to a district master station; the grouping of districts into divi.- sions, which may conveniently coincide with the geographical standard time divisions of the country; and finally the relation of the district master stations to a central master station. There may be more intermediate steps or stations interposed between the sub- Leeaia scribers control or regional station and the central master station and there may be direct connection between the said regional stations and the central master station, but these possible variations will be apparent from the detailed description and do not change the principle involved. In any case, for the purposes of distribution, the central master station broadcasts to the district master stations on divisional carrier wave frequencies, each of the district master stations broadcasts to its constituent regional central stations on a fixed carrier wave frequency, and each local or regional central station broadcasts to the subscribers in its local area on a common fixed carrier wave frequency.

Thus it will be apparent that the first characteristic feature of the system is that of sending from each center to the class or order of centers next below it, on a fixed carrier wave frequency or frequencies allotted permanently to said next lower order of stations. If we call the central master station of the entire system, A, and call the district master stations B, the local or regional distributing stations C; and the sub` scribers instruments in general D, then we may say that A transmits to'B on B frequencv, B transmits to C on C frequency, and C transmits to D on D frequency, of the respective carrier gwaves. For information that goes through from A to D, or that goes through from B to D. as well as information originating with C, original modulations are actually reproduced in the instruments at D, by means which will be described. The simplest way to do this is by double modulation, which also enables easy change of carrier wave frequency at the intermediate or relaying stations.

The second characteristic feature of this system is that all subscribers are connected to their local ftelephone lexchange centers by wire lines, these telephone centers either coinciding with or being closely related to the regional radio broadcasting stations C. For example, in a city having six branch telephone exchanges, one of these might be the radio station C for that area, and the other five connected thereto through telephone trunks, without themselves doing an radio transmitting, or they might all he stations in the radio system, which would not require so much power. The subdivision herein described takes acount of the inverse square law, and when properly applied. will greatly conserve power, while making receiving from any distance certain.

rl`he combination of the two characteristic features thus outlined produces a very flexible system in which all communication outward from the central or master station through intermediate or B and C stations to the subscribers` is by means of radio carrier waves, supplemented if necessary by modulated high frequency carrier current transmission, particularly at the subscribers end; and all transmission inward from the outlying or subscribers part ot the system to the C. B or A central stations is by Wire, lirst by audio through the subscribers lines to the (fl stations, where it is changed to super audio or IF Waves then by trunk lines from the C stations to their respective district master B stations. then either directly by trunk from the district or B stations to the central master or A station, or for econom of trunk lines, from the district master or stations in any one division through a selected B station and thence by Wire trunk to the main central master station A. The number of Wired trunks required in any link of the system, and the routing of the wire connections between telephone centers, will be determined in practice by traliic conditions, both telephone and radio. For example, in the case ot' a city area having slx telephone exchanges all interconnected by talking trunks, there may be one broadcasting station C, preferably located at one ot' vthe central stations. :nul in transmitting on the fixed frequency of its own subscribers, ths station should be given access to any of the subscribers telephone lines iu the city. This of course can only be done by trunking to the various exchanges, using substantially the same methods that would be employed by a wire chief, to trunk through and select a subscribers line. In the same way, in picking up matter to be broadcasted, it would come in over the subscribers line to the nearest telephone exchange and would then be trunked lto the local or regional broadcasting station C it 't'or loca-l broadcasting only, or here to be turned into IF frequency and be trunked on to the district master or B station if to be released for the entire district, or trunlced on from there to the national master or A station if to be released for national broadcasting. As an example of the flexibility of the system, it is pointed out that matter can also be transmitted from and released for any desired part or parts ot the system. Thus a subscriber or an artist through a local or regional center C can bc trunked to the district station B for district release, and thence on to the master station A.. and thereby released or relayed to any district station of the system; or from A the release may be by broadcasting to a particular division, thereby reaching all the B stations in that division and being relayed to all other C statons and to all other subscribers.

The reason for dividing the district stations into divisonal `groups is because of the change in time. Matters of great national importance may be broadcasted simultaneously over the entire country, even though they would be received at a late afternoon hour in the Pacific coast division, when it was the middle of the evening in the Eastern Standard division. For regular broadcasting of programs, however, mat-ter originating above the B or district stations by this system can be distributed at intervals of one hour in the divisions from eastern, through central and mountain to the Pacific coast. In other words. as standard time in each of these divisions changes one hour in going west, the same program of national interest` would be distributed from A to the tour dvisions simultaneously, but with an hours rt'rval between the same items. In the case of news items, and many classes of entertainments this can be done without recording and reproducing, but in the case of other matters it will involve recording the items first broadcasted and repeating the same at an hour interval in the succeeding time divisions.

For purposes ot' this distribution, the four divisional groups of the exchanges are given four distinctive carrier Wave frequencies.

Simultaneous broadcasting on all four may: be going on at the same time, and it goes' `vvithout saying that the same items may bel distributed ou all four by simultaneous mod- The x? i B and t) broadcasting stations will all beA ulation on the tour carrier Waves.

equipped with tunable antenna circuits and receiving devices by which they can pick up modulated carrier waves of any frequency, and by this means the B stations in any division may get original matter being broadcasted in another division, but as a matter of adminstratve efficiency, this should only be by permission. One very strong reason tor making the time division is that etliciency of transmission increases behind the daylight line, and any atgempt to average times, except on special occasions, must result in a loss of etliciency due to this cause. It is to be understood that the grouping in tour divisions however is only adopted for convenience, and may be varied as found convenient in practice.

The design of this system contemplates the use of sutticient power in each transmitting sta-tion to accomplish its own function in the system, and no more. For the entire United States it may be assumed that there will be one master station or administrative headquarters; approximately 100 district or B stations. and approximately 10,000 regional or C distributing stations. This is based on statistics of the telephone plant available, and approximately the same distribution ot` subscribers as in the wired telephone systems. In thickly settled districts. it will be necessary 'only to consider area in determining the power of the stations, but in thinly settled districts it may be necessary to consider the number of subscribers. and determine the point at which the rising curve of cost of the broadcasting equipment will cross the curve of profit due to the increased number of subscribers. In such a case, it would probably be more economical' to install less powerful central apparatus and more powerful subscribers receivers, within the above limit, while in the congested district containing many subscribers, it would pay to use more power at the central station and simplify and cheapeu the subscribers instruments.

By means that will be described, it is contemplated to have national district and local programs made up day by day, from which any subscribers may select. Selection is determined by frequencies, which by the use ot' double modulation may be frequencies of the envelope or intermediate wave transmitted. Atpresent not more than five such frequencies will probably be required for this purpose, although many more are available in the present state of' the art. and the number will probably be increased as development proceeds.

Following the plan laid down in my precedingr application. Serial No. 581.529, now Patent. No. 1,522,357, hereiubefore referred to, all supervision, metering. testing. and the like, which are individual to the subscriber, are done locally, that is to say, over the slibscribers telephone wire and either at his local telephone exchange, or at a local rudio exchange associated therewith.

In telephone practice it is found that in usual conditions the traffic load fiuctuatcs everywhere according to about the same rules and to about the same extent. Thus there is a peak between ten and eleven oclock in the morning, a secondary peak about two oclock in the afternoon, and other less important peaks in the morning and evening hours. These variations in the telephone traffic load are due to business and social conditions which cannot be altered by service rules and service requirements, but fortunately they occur in such manner and at such times as to favor the drafting of snpplemental curves for radio administration which will accomplish results that the telephone companies have long been looking for, including the flattening of the traflic load curve and of the operator hour curve in the exchange operation. The percentage use of the physical telephone plant, even in a con gested city, is low, but the equipment can- ,not be curtailed, on account of the peaks.

In as much as the majority of radio users are also engaged in business or social activities, or both, it may safely be assumed that the time they will devote to radio will be that between peaks of the telephone traffic curve. This curve can be regulated, and the hours for transmission chosen so as to till in the valleys, and if desired make use of the same frequencies or the same switching equipment that in busy hours is devoted to telephone communication. I consider this a very important feature of the invention and shall claim the same both broadly and specifically. It should be noted that the traffic curve in any particular city, Will l1a\'e its peaks occur at points displaced from those in the preceding and succeedimr time divisions. Thus the morning peak in hicago. Illinois, would normally be one hour later than the normal peak in New York city. This means that the radio program may be plotted in the form of a curve for each time division, so that the main peaks of telephone traffic will be avoided, and provision made for adjustment of one to the other sequentially across the entire country, taking account through the district and local stations ot' any local or special variations and providing for the same through the regular channels of die tribution.

It should be observed finally, that in regard to diurnal or seasonal changes in conditions upon which efficiency of radio transmission depends, as well as non-periodic or occasional disturbances, the organized association of radio and wire transmission herein described enables the average standard ot' transmission to be maintained at all times, since the trunk wires between centers may be substituted at any time by simply tuning down or even heterodyning the initial frequencies and using line radio transmission tor the time being in place of pure radio. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the use of all present available means whether described or not is contemplated in this system, as for examples, beam transmission, transmission on very short waves, earth transmission, and the like. It will be noted from the description hereinafter that a geographical center is determined for the master station A, and this will probably have to be the most expensive and most elaborately equipped of all the transmitting centers. However, recent experiments have shown it possible to transmit over very long distances up to approximately 7 ,000 miles from low power stations, and the relay station of Hastings, Nebraska, has easily reached Argentine. The longest distance involved in this system is approximately 1,200 miles for A transmission and not over 200 miles for B transmission, while the majority of the C stations will cover local areas not exceedin l0 or l5 miles in radius. The national radio conference of 1923, held in the U. S. Department of Commerce, recommended the following ranges for broadcasting:

Government broadcasting stations, 600 miles;

Public broadcasting stations, 250 miles;

Private and toll broadcasting stations, 50 miles. It also recommended that the same lUD wave or overlapping wave bands be not assigned to stations within the following dis-4 tances from one another; except'that these distances may be lowered if the normal ranges of the station are correspondingly lowered:

Government broadcasting stations, 1,500

Public broadcasting stations, 750 miles;

Private and toll broadcasting stations, 150 miles. According to this classification, there would only be one long distance station in this system, viz. the A or master station; while the district or B stations need have an extreme range of only one-third that allotted for public broadcasting stations; and the C stations would be Well below the class limits of private and toll stations. This means that great iiexibility can be obtained by the use of a small 'number of wave lengths for primary carrier waves as well as the intermediate waves reduced by heterodyning or double modulation. As-

suming four primary carrier wave frequencies to be assigned to the four standard time divisions, respectively, four other carrier wave frequencies may be assigned to each division for transmission from B stations to C stations. and if desired still other four frequencies to the C stations for transmission to subscribers. Inasmuch as the same four frequencies could be used throughout the entire country for district and local broadcasting, this would mean twelve carrier wave frequencies in all. In using double modulation, however, the number of primary carrier' wave "frequencies for pure radio transmission, may be reduced to four, viz: one common B fre uency for receiving from A, one common frequency for receiving from B and one common D or subscribers frequenc for receiving from C. In this case the mitial broadcastin from station A to the four different divisions of the country would be on the same initial carrier wave frequency, modulated however with four different intermediate carrier wave frequencies, one of which is allotted to each of the four standard time divisions. In the same way the B or district stations may transmit to the C stations on the same initial carrier wave frequency, modulated with four intermediate carrier wave frequencies, which may or may not be the same as those transmitted from A. Similarly, the C station will transmit to the subscribers on one initial carrier wave frequency modulated with four or more intermediate carrier wave frequencies which are ultimately demodulated at the subscribers stations to produce audio message. If the A station transmits to the four divisions on four groups of intermediate frequencies, each division would have its own group of intermediate frequencies and would always rewho have not had an opportunity of hearing some particular item may pick it up on the first, second or third repetition. For important items this power is a very valuable one, and will probably always be exercised in practice; even though the repetitions of the particular items in the second, third and fourth divisions may be reproductions from records made at the time of the first transmission or broadcasting in the first division. Of course there is a reverse progression to be considered also, in that items forming part of the regular program for the Pacific coast States, if to be heard in the same order in the eastern division or either of the intermediate divisions, would have to be either reproduced on the succeeding day, or produced in advance of their Pacific coast release. recorded and reproduced from the record in the coast division. As a matter of fact, the solution of this problem will probably lie in distributing a national program which will be varied in each division in passing through that B stations, to include mattel's of importance to that division only, and

further modified in passing through the C stations (by authority from above) to include local items of special importance to the local areas. n

In using the four frequencies referred to, reference is had to the usual manner of checker boarding, with one frequency allotted to each square in the checker board, no two adjacent squares having the same frequency. This is not perfect because of the diagonal connection between squares,

which would require more than four fre- 1 quencies to overcome but if the figure be considered as a hexagon, it would be found that the entire area can be divided up separately on four frequencies or four bands without interference. This refers to primary carrier waves only, however, as selection and distribution by means of secondary or intermediate carrier Wave modulation is not limited in fact to any particular distribution of the territory, but depends on the distribution among receiving stations of instruments for taking their own intermediate carrier wave frequencies and relaying them to the next lower order stations.

The great benefit of double modulation 

